A Pentadic Analysis of Two Pleas for Christian Unity :: Religion Christians Christianity Burke Papers

A Pentadic Analysis of Two Pleas for Christian Unity Introduction The prayer for Christian unity began with Christ, himself (John 1:21), and continues today. This essay proposes to examine two pleas for Christian unity using the rhetorical theory of Kenneth Burke. According to Em Griffin, "Kenneth Burke was the foremost rhetorician of the twentieth century. Burke wrote about rhetoric; other rhetoricians write about Burke" (319). Burke's theory seems especially relevant to the study of pleas for unity because of his focus on identification. For Burke, rhetoric is identification. "You persuade a man only insofar as you can talk his language by speech, gesture, tonality, order, image, attitude, idea, identifying your ways with his" (Rhetoric 55). Additionally, Burke equates identification with consubstantiality. "To identify A with B is to make A 'consubstantial' with B" (Rhetoric 21). The two calls for Christian unity to be analyzed are Thomas Campbell's "Declaration and Address" and E. Glenn Wagner's The Awesome Power of Shared Beliefs. Campbell's address is important because of its historical significance. "This document, which calls for Christian unity through a return to the clear and unambiguous teachings of the New Testament, in many ways chartered the course for the movement the Campbells led" (Hughes 11). Wagner's book is chosen because of the contemporary prominence of the Promise Keepers movement. This essay will proceed by explaining relevant aspects of Kenneth Burke's works, including the methodology to be used, applying the methodology to the two pleas, and discussing the results. Dramatism and the Pentad Burke saw life as a drama played out in our language. By examining the words of a person, you can determine his or her motives. Motives are grammatical creations which explain "what people are doing and why they are doing it" (Grammar x). Foss provides the following explanation: We use rhetoric to constitute and present a particular view of our situation, just as the presentation of a play creates a certain world or situation inhabited by characters who engage in actions in a setting. Through rhetoric, we size up situations and name their structures and outstanding ingredients. How we describe a situation indicates how we are perceiving it, the choices we see available to us, and the action we are likely to take in our situation. (456) The pentad is a the tool used to investigate motives. Burke writes, ". . . any complete statement about motives will offer some kind of answer to these five questions: what was done (act), when or where it was done (scene), who did it (agent), how he did it (agency), and why (purpose)" (Grammar x).

The Devil Of Tom Walker And Th Essay -- essays research papers

Despite the evidence that Washington Irving uses to show his love for America in his stories, he portrays some characters in the Devil and Tom Walker and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow as greedy. Irving shows concern for America by placing stories in uniquely American moments. In this essay I will prove through passages and quotes from Irving's stories that he shows his love for America in his stories and portrays some characters as greedy in the two stories. The historical settings of these stories is made apparent by the use of elements common to the revolutionary era. In The Devil and Tom Walker when Irving is describing the setting he gives an impression that it took place in America. In describing the setting he says, "It had been the stronghold of the Indians during their war with the colonists." Since the war took place in America this is one evidence of his love for America. Another is when Irving is describing the devil and he makes the point that he a particularly American devil. When the devil first meets Tom and the devil is telling him about himself he says, "I amuse myself by presiding at the persecutions of Quakers and Anabaptists; I am the great patron and prompter of slave dealers and the grandmaster of the Salem witches." In The Legend of Sleepy Hollow there are many American traits in the description of the setting. It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had been car ried away by a...

Essay --

Gilpin observed that the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995 as the principal forum for trade liberalization marked the biggest reform of the international trading system since the end of the Second World War. In this paper, I will provide an analysis of the evolution of the international trading system from its inception as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to its incarnation as the World Trade Organization (WTO), taking into account the changing international economic environment and political realities. This paper comprises of three parts. The first part outlines the historical context in the creation of GATT; the second part gives a brief synopsis of its structure and functions, with the third covering the paradigm shift in events that brought into existence the WTO intended to regulate an ever increasingly market-oriented global economy. Established in 1944 and taking its name from the New Hampshire town where the agreements were drawn up, the Bretton Woods conference was a gathering of finance ministers from Allied countries following the end of the Second World War. Under American leadership, the group met to discuss the failings of World War I’s Treaty of Versailles and the creation of a new international monetary system which could fund post war reconstruction, economic stability and facilitate international trade. This conference led to the establishment of two of the most important post war economic institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, now known as the World Bank (An introduction to the WTO and GATT, pp. 42, 2003). Originally, the architects of the international trade system in the post war ... ...requests from other members and notify the WTO of changes to its trading policies. This clause is provided to help improve predictability and stability to the international trading system and discourage the use of quotas and other measures used to limit the quantity of imports. Today, the WTO membership numbers 146 which comprises of approximately 97 per cent of the worlds’ trade (www.WTO.org). The evolution of GATT to the WTO was a significant step towards liberalising markets and ushered in a new era of free trade. Although the WTO is still a relatively young international institution, its origins are rooted in the Bretton Woods conference following the end of World War II. The WTO has evolved to cover areas such as trade in goods and services as well as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and continues to provide the key disciplines affecting international trade.

Part Three Chapter II

II ‘Wha' d'you wan'?' Terri Weedon's shrunken body was dwarfed by her own doorway. She put claw-like hands on either jamb, trying to make herself more imposing, barring the entrance. It was eight in the morning; Krystal had just left with Robbie. ‘Wanna talk ter yeh,' said her sister. Broad and mannish in her white vest and tracksuit bottoms, Cheryl sucked on a cigarette and squinted at Terri through the smoke. ‘Nana Cath's died,' she said. ‘Wha'?' ‘Nana Cath's died,' repeated Cheryl loudly. ‘Like you fuckin' care.' But Terri had heard the first time. The news had hit her so hard in the guts that she had asked to hear it again out of confusion. ‘Are you blasted?' demanded Cheryl, glaring into the taut and empty face. ‘Fuck off. No, I ain't.' It was the truth. Terri had not used that morning; she had not used for three weeks. She took no pride in it; there was no star chart pinned up in the kitchen; she had managed longer than this before, months, even. Obbo had been away for the past fortnight, so it had been easier. But her works were still in the old biscuit tin, and the craving burned like an eternal flame inside her frail body. ‘She died yesterday. Danielle on'y fuckin' bothered to lemme know this mornin',' said Cheryl. ‘An' I were gonna go up the ‘ospital an' see ‘er again today. Danielle's after the ‘ouse. Nana Cath's ‘ouse. Greedy bitch.' Terri had not been inside the little terraced house on Hope Street for a long time, but when Cheryl spoke she saw, very vividly, the knick-knacks on the sideboard and the net curtains. She imagined Danielle there, pocketing things, ferreting in cupboards. ‘Funeral's Tuesday at nine, up the crematorium.' ‘Right,' said Terri. ‘It's our ‘ouse as much as Danielle's,' said Cheryl. ‘I'll tell ‘er we wan' our share. Shall I?' ‘Yeah,' said Terri. She watched until Cheryl's canary hair and tattoos had vanished around the corner, then retreated inside. Nana Cath dead. They had not spoken for a long time. I'm washin' my ‘ands of yeh. I've ‘ad enough, Terri, I've ‘ad it. She had never stopped seeing Krystal, though. Krystal had become her blue-eyed girl. She had been to watch Krystal row in her stupid boat races. She had said Krystal's name on her deathbed, not Terri's. Fine, then, you old bitch. Like I care. Too late now. Tight-chested and trembling, Terri moved through her stinking kitchen in search of cigarettes, but really craving the spoon, the flame and the needle. Too late, now, to say to the old lady what she ought to have said. Too late, now, to become again her Terri-Baby. Big girls don't cry †¦ big girls don't cry †¦ It had been years before she had realized that the song Nana Cath had sung her, in her rasping smoker's voice, was really ‘Sherry Baby'. Terri's hands scuttled like vermin through the debris on the work tops, searching for fag packets, ripping them apart, finding them all empty. Krystal had probably had the last of them; she was a greedy little cow, just like Danielle, riffling through Nana Cath's possessions, trying to keep her death quiet from the rest of them. There was a long stub lying on a greasy plate; Terri wiped it off on her T-shirt and lit it on the gas cooker. Inside her head, she heard her own eleven-year-old voice. I wish you was my mummy. She did not want to remember. She leaned up against the sink, smoking, trying to look forward, to imagine the clash that was coming between her two older sisters. Nobody messed with Cheryl and Shane: they were both handy with their fists, and Shane had put burning rags through some poor bastard's letter box not so long ago; it was why he'd done his last stretch, and he would still be inside if the house had not been empty at the time. But Danielle had weapons Cheryl did not: money and her own home, and a landline. She knew official people and how to talk to them. She was the kind that had spare keys, and mysterious bits of paperwork. Yet Terri doubted that Danielle would get the house, even with her secret weapons. There were more than just the three of them; Nana Cath had had loads of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. After Terri had been taken into care, her father had had more kids. Nine in total, Cheryl reckoned, to five different mothers. Terri had never met her half-siblings, but Krystal had told her that Nana Cath saw them. ‘Yeah?' she had retorted. ‘I hope they rob her blind, the stupid old bitch.' So she saw the rest of the family, but they weren't exactly angels, from all that Terri had heard. It was only she, who had once been Terri-Baby, whom Nana Cath had cut adrift for ever. When you were straight, evil thoughts and memories came pouring up out of the darkness inside you; buzzing black flies clinging to the insides of your skull. I wish you was my mummy. In the vest top that Terri was wearing today, her scarred arm, neck and upper back were fully exposed, swirled into unnatural folds and creases like melted ice cream. She had spent six weeks in the burns unit of South West General when she was eleven. (‘How did it happen, love?' asked the mother of the child in the next bed. Her father had thrown a pan of burning chip fat at her. Her Human League T-shirt had caught fire. †Naccident,' Terri muttered. It was what she had told everyone, including the social worker and the nurses. She would no sooner have shopped her father than chosen to burn alive. Her mother had walked out shortly after Terri's eleventh birthday, leaving all three daughters behind. Danielle and Cheryl had moved in with their boyfriends' families within days. Terri had been the only one left, trying to make chips for her father, clinging to the hope that her mother would come back. Even through the agony and the terror of those first days and nights in the hospital, she had been glad it had happened, because she was sure that her mum would hear about it and come and get her. Every time there was movement at the end of the ward, Terri's heart would leap. But in six long weeks of pain and loneliness, the only visitor had been Nana Cath. Through quiet afternoons and evenings, Nana Cath had come to sit beside her granddaughter, reminding her to say thank you to the nurses, grim-faced and strict, yet leaking unexpected tenderness. She brought Terri a cheap plastic doll in a shiny black mac, but when Terri undressed her, she had nothing on underneath. ‘She's got no knickers, Nana.' And Nana Cath had giggled. Nana Cath never giggled. I wish you was my mummy. She had wanted Nana Cath to take her home. She had asked her to, and Nana Cath had agreed. Sometimes Terri thought that those weeks in hospital had been the happiest of her life, even with the pain. It had been so safe, and people had been kind to her and looked after her. She had thought that she was going home with Nana Cath, to the house with the pretty net curtains, and not back to her father; not back to the bedroom door flying open in the night, banging off the David Essex poster Cheryl had left behind, and her father with his hand on his fly, approaching the bed where she begged him not to †¦ ) The adult Terri threw the smoking filter of the cigarette stub down onto the kitchen floor and strode to her front door. She needed more than nicotine. Down the path and along the street she marched, walking in the same direction as Cheryl. Out of the corner of her eye she saw them, two of her neighbours chatting on the pavement, watching her go by. Like a fucking picture? It'll last longer. Terri knew that she was a perennial subject of gossip; she knew what they said about her; they shouted it after her sometimes. The stuck-up bitch next door was forever whining to the council about the state of Terri's garden. Fuck them, fuck them, fuck them †¦ She was jogging along, trying to outrun the memories. You don't even know who the father is, do yeh, yer whore? I'm washin' my ‘ands of yeh, Terri, I've ‘ad enough. That had been the last time they had ever spoken, and Nana Cath had called her what everyone else called her, and Terri had responded in kind. Fuck you, then, you miserable old cow, fuck you. She had never said, ‘You let me down, Nana Cath.' She had never said, ‘Why didn't you keep me?' She had never said, ‘I loved you more than anyone, Nana Cath.' She hoped to God Obbo was back. He was supposed to be back today; today or tomorrow. She had to have some. She had to. ‘All righ', Terri?' ‘Seen Obbo?' she asked the boy who was smoking and drinking on the wall outside the off licence. The scars on her back felt as though they were burning again. He shook his head, chewing, leering at her. She hurried on. Nagging thoughts of the social worker, of Krystal, of Robbie: more buzzing flies, but they were like the staring neighbours, judges all; they did not understand the terrible urgency of her need. (Nana Cath had collected her from the hospital and taken her home to the spare room. It had been the cleanest, prettiest room Terri had ever slept in. On each of the three evenings she had spent there, she had sat up in bed after Nana Cath had kissed her goodnight, and rearranged the ornaments beside her on the windowsill. There had been a tinkling bunch of glass flowers in a glass vase, a plastic pink paperweight with a shell in it and Terri's favourite, a rearing pottery horse with a silly smile on its face. ‘I like horses,' she had told Nana Cath. There had been a school trip to the agricultural show, in the days before Terri's mother had left. The class had met a gigantic black Shire covered in horse brasses. She was the only one brave enough to stroke it. The smell had intoxicated her. She had hugged its column of a leg, ending in the massive feathered white hoof, and felt the living flesh beneath the hair, while her teacher said, ‘Careful, Terri, careful!' and the old man with the horse had smiled at her and told her it was quite safe, Samson wouldn't hurt a nice little girl like her. The pottery horse was a different colour: yellow with a black mane and tail. ‘You can ‘ave it,' Nana Cath told her, and Terri had known true ecstasy. But on the fourth morning her father had arrived. ‘You're comin' home,' he had said, and the look on his face had terrified her. ‘You're not stayin' with that fuckin' grassin' old cow. No, you ain't. No, you ain't, you little bitch.' Nana Cath was as frightened as Terri. ‘Mikey, no,' she kept bleating. Some of the neighbours were peering through the windows. Nana Cath had Terri by one arm, and her father had the other. ‘You're coming home with me!' He blacked Nana Cath's eye. He dragged Terri into his car. When he got her back to the house, he beat and kicked every bit of her he could reach.) ‘Seen Obbo?' Terri shouted at Obbo's neighbour, from fifty yards away. ‘Is ‘e back?' ‘I dunno,' said the woman, turning away. (When Michael was not beating Terri, he was doing the other things to her, the things she could not talk about. Nana Cath did not come any more. Terri ran away at thirteen, but not to Nana Cath's; she did not want her father to find her. They caught her anyway, and put her into care.) Terri thumped on Obbo's door and waited. She tried again, but nobody came. She sank onto the doorstep, shaking and began to cry. Two truanting Winterdown girls glanced at her as they passed. ‘Tha's Krystal Weedon's mum,' one of them said loudly. ‘The prozzie?' the other replied at the top of her voice. Terri could not muster the strength to swear at them, because she was crying so hard. Snorting and giggling, the girls strode out of sight. ‘Whore!' one of them called back from the end of the street.

Global Warming Essay

Global warming pertains to the increase in temperature of the atmosphere based on the entrapment of gases that are emitted from activities on the surface of the earth. The increase in temperature is a direct result of the greenhouse effect, which involves heat that originated from the sun, which is entrapped within the atmosphere due to several factors. Scientists have determined that the atmosphere’s temperature has increased since the industrial revolution, which has maximized the use of chemicals in manufacturing various kinds of materials in industry. There are four principal gases that have been identified to be primarily responsible for the onset of global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is accountable for approximately half of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Pearson and Palmer, 2000). This gas is a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, which involves burning of coal, natural gas and oil. It is also generated from deforestation activities, which have increased for expansion of industrialization areas. Trees utilize carbon dioxide in their photosynthetic reactions, but it there are fewer trees in the environment, less CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, leaving the environment with excess amounts of CO2. Another gas that has been determined to be responsible for global warming is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are the primary constituent of plastics and aerosols, as well as refrigerants in air conditioners. Chlorofluorocarbons make up approximately 25% of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Thirdly, methane gas (CH4), which comprises approximately 12% of the greenhouse gases, is also accountable for global warming. Methane gas is released during the decay of organic matter, as well as in the stomachs of cattle, sheep and termites, yet, most of the gas is currently generated by industrial companies. Lastly, nitrous oxide (N2O) is responsible for approximately 6% of the greenhouse gases. It is a by-product of industries, as well as nitrogen fertilizers, volcanic eruptions and livestock manure. Global warming may result in regional changes in the weather, which will be more obvious if the weather were compared from one decade to another, and not on a daily basis. However, scientists have hypothesized that when the temperature of the surface of the earth has reached a highly critical level, such high temperature will cause severe and drastic changes to the atmosphere, affecting the oceans and will severely alter the weather patterns in a matter of years. Changes in the weather may include increasingly hot days and less cool days. The water levels will go down, exposing more land surface during the summer. Even higher latitude regions will be warmer by 40%. In addition, the amount the precipitation, be it rain or snow, will also increase, in the form of stronger storms and very intense typhoons and hurricanes. The El Nino events may also be more increase due to global warming. Global warming not only affects the weather, but it will also affect natural habitats. Higher levels of CO2 may facilitate the growth of forests, facilitating them to flourish and bloom. The warmer ocean waters will be helpful to fish and algae in the high seas. However, those organisms in higher elevations will find difficulty in surviving in warmer environments. Higher temperatures in oceans may kill corals, which are the nurseries for fishes and other aquatic organisms. For the human population, global warming may cause more incidents of infectious diseases such malaria, as well as systemic health problems such as heat stroke and respiratory diseases. Currently, the world is confused as society is ignorant of the detailed effects of global warming. Society is aware the summers are now longer and more intense and winters are envious of summer’s wrath, unleashing a fury that rivals the intensity of the heat. This is actually what global warming does. It confuses the world and now currently has also succeeded in confounding scientists. From a scientific point of view, global warming can be understood as a global environmental phenomenon which is characterized by an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans (Smith and Reynolds, 2005). There is certainly no doubt that global warming has a very detrimental effect on the environment as it causes rising sea levels and alters the amount and pattern of precipitation that areas all over the world get. These environmental changes are also the projected causes of other ecological changes such as increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events which in turn creates changes in agricultural yields, glacier retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors. Based on the current scientific projections, the temperature of the world is expected to increase by 1. 1 to 6. 4  °C (2. 0 to 11. 5  °F) between the years 1990 and 2100. While most of the studies and projection models that have been utilized for these estimates cover the period up to the year 2100, global temperature warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a millennium even if no further greenhouse gases are released after this date (Haigh, 2003). This is due to the melting of the polar ice caps which is estimated to continue due to the changes that have already occurred in the world’s temperature. One proposal to answer to the problem of global warming is a lot simpler in theory than it is in practice. Given the rate of economic growth of many of the developing countries and the shift of production to the lesser developed countries, the implementation of any global protocols is easier to imagine than to implement (Torn and Harte, 2006). Greenhouse gases, which are cited as one of the main causes of global warming, are most commonly emitted from the highly industrialized countries and the less developed countries which rely heavily on industrial machinery for production. The problem in this scenario is that by cutting back on the emission of greenhouse gases, a majority of the world’s production of most major goods will be affected. The economic costs not to mention the technological impediments that preventing the shift to more environmentally friendly methods make the reduction of these greenhouse gases extremely difficult (Rudiman, 2005). There have been steps that have been taken to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases. In order to address the situation of global warming, many countries have participated in the world’s primary international agreement on combating global warming which is the Kyoto Protocol. An amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol binds signatory countries to reduce their emissions of CO2 and five other greenhouse gases. In the alternative, it allows these countries to engage in emissions trading if they are able to maintain or increase emissions of these gases. The problem with this protocol, however, is that it exempts developing countries from meeting emission standards in Kyoto. Some of the countries that have been excluded from this list are China and India, who are ranked as the second and third largest emitters of CO2, behind the United States. It is clear therefore that even despite these actions much more work is needed in order to address the problem. The implementation of international protocols and requiring countries to meet certain environmental standards is certainly a big step towards addressing this issue. More intergovernmental cooperation is also another prospective answer to this problem. The more developed countries should also take the lead in encouraging the shift away from more traditional methods of production towards more environmentally friendly methods through the award of grants and exchange of technology (Torn and Harte, 2006). The creation of a body that is designed to not only specifically develop policies regarding this issue but also be given the power to enforce these policies will allow for the more efficient reduction of these greenhouse gases. It is unclear just how effective these policies may be but the fact that is clear is that in order to address this issue, each and every person in the world must take part in reducing the emission of these greenhouse gases which is the main cause of this problem (Gore, 2006). Simple steps such as taking the public transport or walking instead of taking carbon monoxide emitting vehicles will go a long way. There are many things that people can do in order to contribute to the improvement of the current environmental condition. It does not take a lot and it all starts with the awareness of the gravity of the situation. While the general scientific consensus is that global warming is real and its overall effects are detrimental, there are still some prominent scientists who feel that the severe effects of global warming have been sensationalized. Certain members of society take the idea of global warming with the normal temperature and that the temperature of the surface of the Earth has not severely increased over the last one hundred years. They claim that the temperature data collected in the 1970’s were taken in urbanized areas using different kinds of thermometers, hence the temperature readings were influenced by human error and do not precisely show drastic temperature changes in the surface of the Earth as well as in the oceans. It is therefore important the satellite data be acquired for the coming next decades in order to generate robust and reliable temperature readings that society and the scientific world will acceptable without any doubts on its credibility and efficiency. It is also of prime importance that scientific and legislative bodies prove that global warming does actually occur as a result of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. Geological scientists have gather substantial fossil evidence that prove that carbon dioxide concentrations have increased on the surface of the Earth, which thus results in a warmer surface, but the direct connection between the increase in carbon dioxide and the temperature increase at the actual in situ settings should still be observed. Most of the information and generalizations that scientists have collected were based on laboratory conditions where most of the components of the setup were easily regulated and controlled, such as humidity and temperature. There are currently a number of models that may be used in forecasting average surface temperatures on the Earth, but there is still a need to also design a model that could predict the amount of human-made emissions that could trigger the same features that cause global warming. There is quite a huge number of people in society that still do not understand the climate changes and what triggers such disturbances in our current weather. Every country is now aware of the causes and effects of global warming on the ecosystem. There has been great speculation that global warming is both a natural and a man-made phenomenon. Whatever the cause is, it is imperative that every citizen understands what global warming is and what measures can be taken in order to minimize, avoid or prevent the increase in accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. References Gore A (2006): An inconvenient truth: The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it. Rodale Books. Haigh JD (2003): The effects of solar variability on the Earth’s climate. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361(1802):91-111. Lean JL, Wang YM and Sheeley NR (2002): The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun’s total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(24):2224. Rudiman W (2005): How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate? Sci. Am. , March 2005 issue. Smith TM and Reynolds RW (2005): A global merged land–air–sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880–1997). J. Clim. 18(12): 2021-2036. Torn M and Harte J (2006): Missing feedbacks, asymmetric uncertainties, and the underestimation of future warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(10):L10703. Global Warming Essay Climate scientists tell us that global warming is a very serious matter and the world has to make firm decisions to try to slow the warming and eventually to reverse it. Some politicians agree, but many lack the political will to press for urgent changes. Many scientists believe it is already too late to stop a 2 degree Celsius rise in temperature. Already there have been changes. Extreme weather events are becoming more common. Heat waves have been happening. Famine is worsening in Africa. Sea levels are rising and the Pacific Island countries are desperate for a solution. Glaciers are melting and the rivers in Asia and South America that rely on the glaciers for a steady supply of water for the millions of people downstream are in danger of drying to a trickle. A: It could (someday) destroy the earth and we would all die and there would be nothing living on the earth! A: Global warming causes an increase and decrease in temperatures in the world. Some cities will experience a hotter climate, some would experience a colder climate. This generally affects the habitat, ecosystem, ocean water levels, etc. In other words, a little increase in temperature would have a disastrous effect for residents living near/on coastal regions. This would mean flooding and also playing an influential factor as to the organisms that survive within a temperature/pH (power of Hydrogen) range, resulting in possible extinction. because polar bears enjoy life not death in the cold ocean†¦.Climate scientists tell us that global warming is a very serious matter and the world has to make firm decisions to try to slow the warming and eventually to reverse it. Some politicians agree, but many lack the political will to press for urgent changes. Many scientists believe it is already too late to stop a 2 degree Celsius rise in temperature. Already there have been changes. Extreme weather events are becoming more common. Heat waves have been happening. Famine is worsening in Africa. Sea levels are rising and the Pacific Island countries are desperate for a  solution. Glaciers are melting and the rivers in Asia and South America that rely on the glaciers for a steady supply of water for the millions of people downstream are in danger of drying to a trickle. A: It could (someday) destroy the earth and we would all die and there would be nothing living on the earth! A: Global warming causes an increase and decrease in temperatures in the world. Some cities will experience a hotter climate, some would experience a colder climate. This generally affects the habitat, ecosystem, ocean water levels, etc. In other words, a little increase in temperature would have a disastrous effect for residents living near/on coastal regions. This would mean flooding and also playing an influential factor as to the organisms that survive within a temperature/pH (power of Hydrogen) range, resulting in possible extinction. because polar bears enjoy life not death in the cold ocean†¦.Climate scientists tell us that global warming is a very serious matter and the world has to make firm decisions to try to slow the warming and eventually to reverse it. Some politicians agree, but many lack the political will to press for urgent changes. Many scientists believe it is already too late to stop a 2 degree Celsius rise in temperature. Already there have been changes. Extreme weather events are becoming more common. Heat waves have been happening. Famine is worsening in Africa. Sea levels are rising and the Pacific Island countries are desperate for a solution. Glaciers are melting and the rivers in Asia and South America that rely on the glaciers for a steady supply of water for the millions of people downstream are in danger of drying to a trickle. A: It could (someday) destroy the earth and we would all die and there would be nothing living on the earth! A: Global warming causes an increase and decrease in temperatures in the world. Some cities will experience a hotter climate, some would experience a colder climate. This generally affects the habitat, ecosystem, ocean water levels, etc. In other words, a little increase in temperature would have a disastrous effect for residents living near/on coastal regions. This would mean flooding and also playing an influential factor as to the organisms that survive within a temperature/pH (power of  Hydrogen) range, resulting in possible extinction. because polar bears enjoy life not death in the cold ocean†¦.Climate scientists tell us that global warming is a very serious matter and the world has to make firm decisions to try to slow the warming and eventually to reverse it. Some politicians agree, but many lack the political will to press for urgent changes. Many scientists believe it is already too late to stop a 2 degree Celsius rise in temperature. Already there have been changes. Extreme weather events are becoming more common. Heat waves have been happening. Famine is worsening in Africa. Sea levels are rising and the Pacific Island countries are desperate for a solution. Glaciers are melting and the rivers in Asia and South America that rely on the glaciers for a steady supply of water for the millions of people downstream are in danger of drying to a trickle. A: It could (someday) destroy the earth and we would all die and there would be nothing living on the earth! A: Global warming causes an increase and decrease in temperatures in the world. Some cities will experience a hotter climate, some would experience a colder climate. This generally affects the habitat, ecosystem, ocean water levels, etc. In other words, a little increase in temperature would have a disastrous effect for residents living near/on coastal regions. This would mean flooding and also playing an influential factor as to the organisms that survive within a temperature/pH (power of Hydrogen) range, resulting in possible extinction. because polar bears enjoy life not death in the cold ocean†¦ .

Tropical fish Essay

Tropical fish by Doreen Baingana is a collection of linked short stories which was published in 2005. In this writing, we will be discussing on the novel and a critical review of the novel paying more attention to the novels context, theme, style and ideology. Doreen Baingana grow up in Entebbe, Uganda, and now divided her time between Uganda and the United States her bood, Tropical fish won the 2006 common wealth writers prize, best first bood, Africa, and an AWP short fiction award. She graduated from Makerere university with a JD, and from the university of Maryland with an MFA while at Makerere university Baingana was an active member of FEMRITE-Uganda Women Writer Association, which she has referred to as â€Å"a literary home of sorts†. Tropical fish by Doreen Baingana is a collection if eight linked short stories about three sister- Patti, Rosa, and Christine- as they journey through life in the town of Entebbe, Uganda. The story is a bildungsroman. With the exception of lost in in Los Angeles, all eight stories are set in Uganda and they all deal with the choice they made and where it led them even though the story was set in the period after Idi Amin’s misrule abd the deterioration that was impossible itself on the country, politics was never the object, except in some places where references are made to it such as when an ex all-european school was left to deteriorate and the seventy-two hours ultimatum given to the idians in Uganda to leave. The story begins with Green stones as the youngest of the three daughters admires her mother’s jewellery purchased by her husband anytime he arrives from the numerous fraves. The title story Tropical Fish is the story of Christine, before she left for the US, and her newly found boyfriend, peter, an expatriate who exports tropical fish. The story is about the high-risk teenage life of sex, drinking and abortion. Peter and Christine met the dated almost instantly. They started having sex in peter’s huge white house located in a plush hill top residential area –christine got pregnant but would not tell peter because he might think she wants his money. Doreen Baingana’s Tropical fish works to undercut monolithic nations of Africa female experience of womanhood. The writer consciously writes against the stereotype of Africa woman as victim. Baingana’s shot stories linked three sisters, forming a family that is stronger than its individuals parts, providing a variety of perspectives on growing up African, Ugandan and relatively privileged. This form and narrative technique is a departure from traditional, postcolonial women’s coming of age, in that it provides the perspectives of three very different young women at different developmental stages. In this way, Tropical fish works to undercut monolithic notions of Africa female experience of womanhood. Baingana provides a textured and complex picture of middle-class African womanhood within a specific urban location. As the children of government buveaucrats, the three sisters attend the best schools in Entebbe, are sent to prestigious private boarding schools, and are part of the elite at Makerere University. In the words of rosa, one of the sisters, the girls are. The cream of the crop. â€Å"hunger† is also written from oldest sister The writer Doreen Baingana also focused on the minutiae of the girl’s lives, rather than larger political themes in the volatile period after Idi Amin’s dictatorship, is a strategic choice the story demonstrates the ways in which ordinary people go about living their lives, sun living political repressions and economic decline. With Tropical fish Baingana has also startedto create a new language for exploring week female subjectivity. Though some stories will grip the reader more than others, the collection gives singular insights into women’s lives on the African continent and in the diapora, and will be useful for exploring race class and identity in a women’s studies classroom Baingana’s Tropical fish explores some thematic preoccupation in which some of them will be discussed †¢ Sex and relationship: The story Tropical fish is a refusal to feel ashamed of sexual pleasure in the face of nightmarish circumstances, a riposte to the politics of respectability and that often get in the way of dealing with the epidemic, and it draws together the rest of the stories ever bringing some previous characters back which are all about female hungers and desires in one way or another. †¢ Family saga: The novel is about series of short stories connected into one modern day Uganda family’s history. It really gives a flavor of modern east African life. The author so subtly sands the reader into the upheaval of an upper-class family upended by an angry alcoholic father, the post Amin era, the protagonist’s eransition from African to American and back again. †¢ Indecency on campus: This can be seen in the way peter lives his life by drinking on campus. Also, the way Christine lives her life as a young girls shows indecency. †¢ Exploitation: This can be seen when a white man exports exotic fish. Peter exports tropical fishes in so many parts of the world. Explaining Doreen’s style of writing, firstly on how she came up with the title for the book, Doreen explains that she intends. The fish as a metaphor for the lives of the three sisters. Swimming through life with this rough and calm water. Doreen also tells the audience that adults try to suppress the child in them, but she has found writing as a way to unsuppress the child in her, this is especially evident in the first story â€Å"Green Stores† Also, Doreen Baingana uses sex to lead us into a scientific question to put out our hypothesis in form of research. Tropical fish looks like a vividly narrated story. Doreen description of tropical fish is a unique form of everyday life practice in our planet that humans and animals do to succeed in getting there, where they want to be in life. Doreen Baingana exemplifies the deep rooted African problem of abusive relationships that our women find themselves in but can not end due to cultural sanctions. The story Tropical fish also dissects a domestic crisis that men have long ignored selfishly, with consequence weighing heavily on women. Doreen also uses the idea of addressing culture and identity with so much history. It is crystal clear from Doreen’s outline and her idea that we virtually labor for everything that we do be it for pleasure or game. Nothing good comes easily. After having a critical study on the novel Tropical fish by Doreen Baingana, we have discussed so far about the author, the summary of the novel, the context of the novel which is African female experience of womanhood, the thematic preoccupation, the style at which the writer writes the play in which she makes use of narration and also, the writers ideology on the novel.

Profit Maximization vs Maxing Shareholders Wealth Essay

Shareholder wealth is defined as the present value of the expected forecasting of returns to the owners which are the shareholders of one’s company. These returns can take the form of recurring dividend payments and or proceeds from the sale of the stock. Shareholder wealth is measured by the market value which is the price that the stock trades in the marketplace of a firm’s common stock. (James, Charles & Frederick, 2008) Profit maximization is defined as a more fixed concept than shareholder wealth maximization. The profit maximization objective from economic theory does not normally consider the time dimension or the risk dimension in the measurement of profits. In contrast, the shareholder wealth maximization objective provides a convenient framework for evaluating both the timing and the risks associated with various investment and financing strategies. Some marginal decision rules derived from economic theory are extremely useful to a wealth maximizing firm. Any decision, regardless of the duration short or long inevitably results in marginal revenues exceeding the marginal costs of the decision will be consistent with wealth maximization. When a decision has penalties extending beyond a year in time, the marginal benefits and marginal costs of that decision must be evaluated in a present value framework. The goal of shareholder wealth maximization is a long term goal. Shareholder wealth is a function of all the future returns to the shareholders. Therefore, in making decisions that maximize shareholder wealth, management must consider the lasting impact on the firm and not just focus on immediate ramifications be it negative or positive. For instance, a firm could increase short run earnings and dividends by eliminating all research and development expenses. However, this decision would reduce long run earnings and dividends, and also reduce shareholder wealth, because the firm would be unable to develop new products to produce and sell. (James, Charles & Frederick, 2008) The separation of ownership and control in corporations may result in management pursuing goals other than shareholder wealth maximization, such as maximization of their own personal significance. Concern for their own self-interests may lead management to make decisions that promote their long run survival such as job security, also minimizing and limiting the amount of risk incurred by ones firm. A narrow-minded person lacking such vision or a business solely concerned about short term benefits can be detrimental to the overall goals. A short term run can fulfil objective of earning profit but may not help in creating wealth. It is because wealth creation needs a longer duration to accumulate. Therefore, financial management emphasizes on wealth maximization rather than profit maximization. For a business, it is not necessary that profit should be the only objective; it may concentrate on various other aspects like increasing sales, capturing more market share which will support profitability. (James, Charles & Frederick, 2008) Furthermore, one may think that profit maximization is a compartment of wealth and being a compartment, it will facilitate wealth creation. The better and more accurate evaluation of business as it relates to wealth maximization, focuses more on the importance of cash flows rather than profitability. It is often stated that profit is a relative term and it can be a figure in some currency, while it is a percentage in others. For example, a profit of $20,000 cannot be considered good or bad for a business, until it is compared with investments, sales and other performance measures. Similarly, extent of earning profits is important whether it is earned in short term or long term. In wealth maximization, there is a major emphasis on cash flows rather than profit. That being said, to evaluate various alternatives for decision making, cash flows are taken under consideration. For example to measure the worth of a project, present value of its cash inflow and present value of cash outflows which is the net present value is equated. This approach considers cash flows rather than profits into consideration to find out worth of a project. (James, Charles & Frederick, 2008) Thus, maximization of wealth approach believes that money has time value. In conclusion, profit maximization is directly correlated to profits only, while shareholder wealth encompasses total company equity, debt ratios and many other financial performance measure ratios. One’s company could focus on profit maximization over a longer period of time, while the shareholder would rather see stock values and corporate total value increase immediately also known as getting in and get out. If ones management focused on short-term profit maximization, at the expense of long term sales revenues, then shareholder wealth/stock price could actually decrease because of the loss of market share. What are the differences between the goals of profit driven organizations and not for profit organizations? Both for profit and not for profit entities in general have enterprising owners who open bank accounts, own assets and employ staff. They also try to maximize the income, rationalize expenses and establish and achieve the business objectives of the organization. However, founders of the enterprises start their ventures with different objectives in mind. For instance, the focus of a technology start up may involve manufacturing and marketing an innovative product with the goal of attracting angel investors. The owners may have vision of a multimillion-dollar stock offering at some point in the future. Alternatively, a community minded person might have the goal of starting a not for profit business with the aim of starting a technologically driven Community Center with state of the art computers and other state of the art technology that provides new resources for disenfranchised urban city students. Both types of organizations, when formed as corporation, have board of directors that oversee the business of the organizations and ensure the continuity of the enterprise over time. The board members also may have the responsibilities of approving a chief executive to manage the day to day affairs of the organization. Not for profit board members play a significant role in the development of the enterprise and fundraising activities. For profit business owners and shareholders own the assets of the companies. If the business dissolves for any reason, the property gets distributed among the individuals based on their ownership in the business. Individuals involved with not for profit enterprises cannot have ownership in the assets of the organization. If the entity ceases operation, the law requires distribution of the property to another not for profit with a similar mission. A major difference between for profit and not for profit involves the payment of federal and state taxes. Not for profit corporations have some tax-exempt statuses, which the entity must apply for with the Internal Revenue Service and the state. (â€Å"non profits,†) For profit businesses must pay taxes on the net earnings of the business or the excess income earned over the expenses. In addition not for profits have to report the salaries of the five highest paid employees and contracts more than $50,000.